The microelectrode layout was photochemically patterned onto the surface of a PC plate by selective exposure of the surface coated without photoresist to 254 nm UV light through a chromiumquartz photomask
Thus, the PC plate was selectively sensitized by formation of reactive chemical moieties in the exposed areas. After a series of wet chemistry reactions, the UV-exposed area was activated with a layer of gold nanoparticles that served as a seed to catalyze the electroless plating. The gold microelectrode was then selectively plated onto the activated area by using an electroless gold plating bath. Nonselective gold deposition on the unwanted areas was eliminated by sonication of the activated PC plate in a KSCN solution before electroless plating, and the adhesion of the plated electrodes to the PC surface was strengthened with thermal annealing. Compared with the previously reported electroless plating technique for fabrication of microelectrodes on a microchip, the present method avoided the use of a membrane stencil with an electrode pattern to restrict the area to be wet-chemically sensitized. The CE with integrated ED (CE-ED) microchip was assembled by thermal bonding an electrode-plated PC cover plate to a microchannel-embossed PC substrate.
The novel method allows one to fabricate low-cost, electrode-integrated, complete PC CE-ED chips with no need of a clean room. The fabricated CE-ED microchip was demonstrated for separation and detection of model analytes, including dopamine (DA) and catechol (CA). Detection limits of 05 and 13 microM were achieved for DA and CA, The plated gold electrode can be used for about 4 h, bearing usually more than A theoretical and experimental scale of aromaticity. The first nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) study of the dimethyldihydropyrene Nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) values were calculated at several locations for a series of dimethyldihydropyrenes (DDPs). These NICS values were used to assess the relative aromaticities of the dimethyldihydropyrene nucleus (DDPN) of these DDPs and to construct a NICS scale of aromaticity. The NICS and experimentally determined relative aromaticities of these DDPNs are in complete agreement, verifying that NICS can be used not only to classify a compound as aromatic but also to determine the degrees of aromaticity of structurally Photochemically induced transient spinal ischemia induces behavioral hypersensitivity to mechanical and cold stimuli, but not to noxious-heat Pain-like sensory disorders lasting several days were observed in rats after transient ischemia in the lumbar region of the spinal cord. The ischemia was induced with a recently developed photochemical technique.
Rats exhibited strong allodynia, a pain-like reaction to innocuous stimuli, to mechanical stimulation of the caudal trunk, hind limbs, and hind paws, which were areas innervated by the ischemic spinal segments. The rats also expressed hypersensitivity to cold stimuli. However, no changes in sensitivity to noxious heat could be detected with the hot-plate test. Furthermore, no morphological damage could be observed in the spinal cord at the light microscopic level in the majority of rats after transient spinal cord ischemia. The present results indicate that allodynia-like symptoms to mechanical stimuli after spinal ischemia may be mediated by myelinated afferents and could be associated with dysfunction of inhibitory transmission in the spinal cord. We suggest that this pain-related syndrome after spinal ischemia could be considered as an animal model of painful states Sub-20 nm short channel carbon nanotube transistors.Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors with sub-20 nm long channels and on/off nanotubes with diameters ranging from 0 to 1 nm grown from structured catalytic islands using chemical vapor deposition at 700 degrees C form the channels.
Electron beam lithography and a combination of HSQ, calix[6]arene, and PMMA e-beam resists were used to structure the short channels and source and drain regions. The nanotube transistors display on-currents in excess of 15 microA for drain-source biases of only 0 V.Effects of intrathecal morphine, baclofen, clonidine and R-PIA on the acute allodynia-like behaviours after spinal cord ischaemia in rats.Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. The present study assessed the efficacy and potency of intrathecal (i.t.) administration of the opiate morphine, the gamma-aminobutyric acid-B (GABA(B)) receptor agonist baclofen, the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine and the adenosine A1-receptor agonist R-phenylisopropyl-adenosine (R-PIA) on the acute allodynia-like behaviour after photochemically induced spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats.
Organic Synthesis of 6-butyl-n-hydroxynaphthimide trifluoromethanesulfonic acid displaying allodynia-like behaviours to brushing, von Frey hairs and cold stimulation 1-2 days after photochemically induced SCI were studied. In a cumulative dose regime, morphine (0-10 micrcog), baclofen (0-1 microg), clonidine (0-10 microg) and R-PIA (01-10 nmol) were administered i.t. through an implanted catheter at the lumbar spinal cord. All tested drugs dose-dependently reduced the brushing, von Frey hairs and cold stimulation-induced allodynia-like behaviour.
