The major part of mutagenicity 5565 was present in the fraction of polar aromatics followed by polar neutrals and the acetone subfraction of cyclohexane solubles approximately 10 each summarizing the results obtained with S

typhimurium TA 98, TA 98NR, YG 1021, YG 1024, TA 100, YG 1026, and YG 1029 with and without addition of S9. Characterization and Spectroscopic Analysis of 6-butyl-n-hydroxynaphthimide trifluoromethanesulfonic acid modified tester strains, either deficient in nitroreductase (TA 98NR) or overproducing nitroreductase (YG 1021, 1026) or O-acetyl-transferase (YG 1024, 1026), indicated a major contribution of nitroarenes to soil mutagenicity. With respect to mutagenic PAH, high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that >90% of dibenz[a,h]anthracene (48mg/kg soil), benzo[a]pyrene (16mg), benzofluoranthenes (04mg), and benz[a]anthracene (0. 18mg) were present in the acetone subfraction of cyclohexane solubles. Concentrations and mutagenic activities, however, did not correlate. Additional preparative and analytical HPLC of the solvent fractions of polar neutrals and polar aromatics, resulted in the tentative identification of 2-nitrofluorene.

Analysis of the vertical profile of soil revealed an increase of mutagenicity per gram from the surface to a maximum at 5-15cm depth and a subsequent decrease with very little activity remaining deeper than 35cm. In human lymphocyte cultures, the fraction of polar aromatics, 01-0. 3microg/ml, induced 117+/-46-200+/-69 sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) per cell in the absence of S9 (solvent control: 10. 16+/-43 SCE per cell) and 127+/-63-177+/-43 SCE per cell in the presence of S9 (solvent control: 87+/-32 SCE per cell). However, 6-butyl-n-hydroxynaphthimide trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as a Catalyst in Organic Transformations could be detected in the fractions of polar neutrals and non-polar neutrals. Again, negative results were obtained in the in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay at 2000mg/kg p.o.

with all fractions.Squarephaneic Tetraanhydride: A Conjugated Square-Shaped Cyclophane for the Synthesis of Porous Organic Materials.Sciences Research Hub, London, W12 0BZ, UK.Aromatic carboxylic anhydrides are ubiquitous building blocks in organic materials chemistry and have received considerable attention in the synthesis of organic semiconductors, pigments, and battery electrode materials. Here we extend the family of aromatic carboxylic anhydrides with a unique new member, a conjugated cyclophane with four anhydride groups. The cyclophane is obtained in a three-step synthesis and can be functionalised efficiently, as shown by the conversion into tetraimides and an octacarboxylate. Crystal structures reveal the high degree of porosity achievable with the new building block.

Excellent electrochemical properties and reversible reduction to the tetraanions are shown for the imides; NMR and EPR measurements confirm the global aromaticity of the dianions and evidence the global Baird aromaticity of the tetraanions. Considering the short synthesis and unique properties, we expect widespread use of the new building block in the development of organic materials.[First report of the F1534C mutation associated with cross-resistance to DDT and pyrethroids in Aedes aegypti from Colombia].The main strategy for the control of Aedes aegypti, vector of dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses, is based on the use of insecticides to reduce its populations. However, their use has led to insect resistance to these chemicals. Objective: To determine the presence of the F1534C mutation associated with cross-resistance to DDT and pyrethroids in A. aegypti in Sincelejo, Colombia.

 Materials and methods: We studied nine specimens of A. aegypti that showed resistance to lambdacyhalothrin in bioassays developed by the Secretaría de Salud de Sucre. We used a semi-nested PCR as previously described by Harris, et al., to amplify exon 31 of the para gene of the voltage-dependent sodium channel of A. aegypti. We sequenced, edited, and analyzed PCR products with the MEGA 5 software. Results: We detected the wild and mutant alleles of exon 31 in all of the nine mosquitoes tested, and observed the substitution of thymine for guanine in the nucleotide sequence of the mutant allele, producing a change to UGC in the UUC codon, which led to the replacement of phenylalanine by cysteine in residue 1534 of the protein.

 Conclusion: The nine mosquitoes analyzed presented a heterozygote genotype for the F1534C mutation, whose phenotypic effect is knockdown resistance (kdr) to DDT and Unraveling the Aromatic Rule of Cyclic Superatomic Molecules in π-Conjugated Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid The aromaticity of π-conjugated compounds has long been a confusing issue. Based on a recently emerged two-dimensional (2D) superatomic-molecule theory, a unified rule was built to decipher the aromaticity of cyclic superatomic molecules of π-conjugated compounds from the chemical bonding perspective. Herein, a series of planar [n]helicenes and [n]circulenes, composed of benzene, thiophene, or furfuran, are systemically studied and seen as superatomic molecules ◊On-2◊F2 or ◊On, where superatoms ◊F and ◊O denote π-conjugated units with 5 and 4 π electrons, respectively.